Biological Therapy

What is biological therapy?

Biological therapy is a type of treatment that works with your immune system. It can help fight cancer or help control side effects (how your body reacts to the drugs you are taking) from other cancer treatments like chemotherapy.

What is the difference between biological therapy and chemotherapy ?

Biological therapy and chemotherapy are both treatments that fight cancer. While they may seem alike, they work in different ways. Biological therapy helps your immune system fight cancer. Chemotherapy attacks the cancer cells directly.

How does biological therapy fight cancer ?

Doctors are not sure how biological therapy helps your immune system fight cancer.

But they think it may : -

Stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. Make it easier for your immune system to destroy, or get rid of, cancer cells. Keep cancer from spreading to other parts of your body.

 

What is my immune system and how does it work ?

Your immune system includes your spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow, and white blood cells. These all help protect you from getting infections and diseases.

When your immune system works the way it should, it can tell the difference between “good” cells that keep you healthy and “bad” cells that make you sick. But sometimes this doesn’t happen. Doctors are doing research to learn why some immune systems don’t fight off diseases like cancer…

 

What are cancer vaccines?

Cancer vaccines are a form of biological therapy. While other vaccines (like ones for measles or mumps) are given before you get sick, cancer vaccines are given after you have cancer. Cancer vaccines may help your body fight the cancer and keep it from coming back.

Doctors are learning more all the time about cancer vaccines. They are now doing research about how cancer vaccines can help people diagnosed with melanoma, lymphoma, and kidney, breast, ovarian, prostate, colon, and rectal cancers…

 

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Cancer Treatment In India

 

Cancer

 

The stomach and duodenum are part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The stomach connects the oesophagus to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine….

 

Symptoms

Pain which is worse between meals or in the middle of the night, and eased by eating (duodenal ulcer) Pain which is aggravated by eating (stomach ulcer) Pain which can last anywhere from a few minutes to hours …

 

 

What Causes Ulcers ?

Ulcers form when the moist inner lining (the mucous membrane) of the digestive tract becomes damaged and inflamed. Ulcers in the stomach are called gastric ulcers. When they occur in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine, which attaches to the bottom of the stomach) they are called duodenal ulcers….

 

Treatment

Resection is sometimes a part of a treatment plan,[1] but duodenal cancer is difficult to remove surgically because of the area that it resides in, there are many blood vessels supplying the lower body. Chemotherapy is sometimes used to try and shrink the cancerous mass. Other times intestinal bypass surgery is tried to reroute the stomach to intestine connection around the blockage. A ‘Whipple’ is a possible surgery that is tried sometimes with this cancer….

 

Procedure

The nurse will start an IV in your vein. You will lie on a stretcher and will be hooked up to a heart, blood pressure and breathing monitor. Your throat will then be sprayed with a numbing medicine so you don’t gag. You will be given medicine through your vein to make you sleepy. You will also have a small mouthguard placed between your teeth to protect them from the tube….

 

Risks

There is a very small risk of bleeding or infection There is a risk of reaction to the medication There is a risk of aspiration or swallowing secretions into your breathing tube…

 

 

 

 

 

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Esophageal Cancer Treatment

 

What is Esophageal Cancer ?

Esophageal cancer starts in the cells of the esophagus. Cancer of the esophagus may develop anywhere along the length of the esophagus. There are 2 main types: Squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in the squamous cells that line the esophagus and. Adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells of the lower third of the esophagus or in cells that have been damaged by acid backing up from the stomach

 

Causes & Risk Factors of Esophageal Cancer

Age – Esophageal cancer is more likely to occur as people get older, over age 60.

Sex – Cancer of the esophagus is more common in men than in women.

 

Tobcco / Alcohol Use – Chronic and/or heavy use of alcohol is another major risk factor.

 

Barrett’s Esophagus – Long-term irritation can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Tissues at the bottom of the esophagus can become irritated if stomach acid frequently “backs up” into the esophagus — a problem called gastric reflux. Over time, cells in the irritated part of the esophagus may change and begin to resemble the cells that line the stomach. This condition, known as Barrett’s esophagus, is a premalignant condition that may develop into adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

 

Medical History – Patients with family history of cancer.

 

Signs and Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer

Early esophageal cancer usually does not cause symptoms. However, as the cancer grows, symptoms may include: difficult or painful swallowing, severe weight loss, pain in the throat or back, behind the breastbone or between the shoulder blades, chronic cough, Vomiting and / or Coughing up blood.

 

Diagnosis Of Esophageal Cancer

Barium Swallow or Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) X-ray Upper Endoscopy for Esophageal Cancer Endoscopic Ultrasound for Esophageal Cancer Bronchoscopy for Esophageal Cancer Positron Emission Tomography for Esophageal Cancer Thoracoscopy and Laparoscopy for Esophageal Cancer Biopsy for Esophageal Cancer

 

Treatment Of Esophageal Cancer in India

Surgery to remove the cancer in India Laser treatment and stents to relieve symptoms Radiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer in India Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

 

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Colon Cancer

 

Definition

Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last 6 inches of the colon. Together, they’re often referred to as colorectal cancers. About 112,000 people are diagnosed with colon cancer annually, and about 41,000 new cases of rectal cancer are diagnosed each year, according to the American Cancer Society. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps become colon cancers…

 

Symptoms

A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool for more than a couple of weeks Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain Abdominal pain with a bowel movement A feeling that your bowel doesn’t empty completely Weakness or fatigue Unexplained weight loss…

 

Causes

In general, cancer occurs when healthy cells become altered. Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But sometimes this growth gets out of control — cells continue dividing even when new cells aren’t needed. In the colon and rectum, this exaggerated growth may cause precancerous cells to form in the lining of your intestine…

 

Risk factors

Factors that may increase your risk of colon cancer include : -

Age : – About 90 percent of people diagnosed with colon cancer are older than 50. Colon cancer can occur in younger people, but it occurs much less frequently.

 

A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps : – If you’ve already had colon cancer or adenomatous polyps, you have a greater risk of colon cancer in the future.

 

Inflammatory intestinal conditions : – Long-standing inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, can increase your risk of colon cancer.

 

Inherited disorders that affect the colon : – Genetic syndromes passed through generations of your family can increase your risk of colon cancer. These syndromes cause only about 5 percent of all colon cancers. One genetic syndrome called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare disorder that causes you to develop thousands of polyps in the lining of your colon and rectum.

 

& many more…

 

When to seek medical advice

If you notice any symptoms of colon cancer, such as blood in your stool or a persistent change in bowel habits, see your doctor as soon as possible. Keep in mind that colorectal cancer can occur in younger as well as older people. If you’re at high risk, don’t wait until symptoms appear. See your doctor for regular screenings.

Talk to your doctor about when you should begin screening for colon cancer. Guidelines generally recommend colon cancer screenings begin at age 50. Your doctor may recommend more frequent or earlier screening if you have other risk factors, such as a family history of the disease.

 

Tests and diagnosis

Screening

Most colon cancers develop from adenomatous polyps. Screening can detect polyps before they become cancerous. Screening may also detect colon cancer in its early stages when there is a good chance for cure.

You may be embarrassed by the screening procedures, worried about discomfort or afraid of the results. Discuss your screening options and your concerns with your doctor. Most procedures are only moderately uncomfortable, and working with a doctor you like and trust can help ease your embarrassment…

 

Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects you may have colon cancer based on your signs and symptoms, he or she may recommend colonoscopy to look for colon cancer. Colonoscopy allows your doctor to look for polyps or unusual areas in your colon. Your doctor can also remove a sample of tissue from your colon to look for cancer cells. In some cases, barium enema or flexible sigmoidoscopy may be used to diagnose colon cancer.

 

Treatments and drugs

The type of treatment your doctor recommends will depend largely on the stage of your cancer. The three primary treatment options are: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Surgery (colectomy) is the main treatment for colorectal cancer. How much of your colon is removed and whether other therapies, such as radiation or chemotherapy, are an option for you depend on the location of your cancer, how far cancer has penetrated into the wall of your bowel, and whether it has spread to your lymph nodes or other parts of your body…

 

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Gallbladder Cancer

Definition

Gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer are rare cancers of the biliary tract. Your gallbladder stores and your bile duct transports bile, a fluid produced by your liver that’s essential to the digestive process.

Gallbladder cancer seldom produces symptoms in the early stages. In fact, early gallbladder cancer is often only discovered when the gallbladder is removed as a treatment for gallstones. Otherwise, gallbladder cancer is often quite advanced by the time it’s diagnosed.

 

Symptoms

Gallbladder cancer symptoms include : -

Abdominal pain : – Many people with gallbladder cancer have some abdominal pain — usually in the upper right part of the abdomen.

 

Nausea and vomiting : – These symptoms can occur when a tumor blocks the common bile duct.

 

Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice) : – Jaundice results from high blood levels of bilirubin — the residue from the breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is metabolized in your liver and eliminated through the bile ducts. But a blocked bile duct can cause bilirubin to accumulate in your blood. The built-up pigments may turn your skin and the whites of your eyes yellow and your urine dark brown. Because bilirubin isn’t being eliminated through your bile, your stools also may turn pale yellow or white.

 

Unintended weight loss or loss of appetite : – Tumors can prevent the normal passage of food or interfere with its absorption by blocking the flow of pancreatic enzymes.

 

Causes

Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. Its main function is to store bile, a bitter, yellow-green fluid that’s produced in the liver cells. Bile is essential for the proper digestion of fats and is one of the main ways your body eliminates drugs, cholesterol and waste products of metabolism. It flows from your liver through a thin tube called the common hepatic duct and enters your gallbladder through another small tube (cystic duct)…

 

How gallbladder cancer begins

Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way — a process that’s controlled by DNA, the genetic material that contains the instructions for every chemical process in your body. When DNA is damaged, changes occur in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a malignant tumor — a mass of cancerous cells.

Although the exact cause of gallbladder and bile duct cancers isn’t clear, researchers believe that DNA in the cells of your biliary tract may be damaged by toxins that are routinely metabolized by your liver. These toxins are released into bile so that they can be eliminated from your body. But if bile empties more slowly than normal, it increases the amount of time your cells are exposed to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens).

 

Tests and diagnosis

Many gallbladder cancers are discovered after a laboratory examination of a gallbladder that’s been removed for other reasons. Only about one-quarter of gallbladder cancers are diagnosed before the cancer is advanced.

Diagnosing gallbladder cancer earlier than this is difficult because the gallbladder is hidden behind the liver and is relatively inaccessible, because signs and symptoms don’t develop until late in the disease, and because when symptoms do appear, they can easily be mistaken for those of many other, more common conditions…

 

Staging biliary tract cancers

Doctors stage biliary tract cancers in several ways. One method is as follows : -

Resectable : – These cancers have not spread beyond the walls of the gallbladder or bile ducts and can be entirely removed in an operation. The term “resectable” refers to a cancer that can be removed.

 

Unresectable : – At this stage, the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs such as the liver, pancreas, stomach or intestines and can’t be completely removed.

 

Recurrent : – This refers to cancer that returns after it has been treated. It may recur in the gallbladder or bile duct or in some other part of the body.

 

Treatments

Gallbladder cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as on your age, overall health, feelings and personal preferences. Especially when cancer is advanced, choosing a treatment plan is a major decision, and it’s important to take enough time to consider your choices.

You may also want to consider seeking a second opinion. This can provide additional information to help you feel more certain about the option you’re considering.

The goal of any treatment is to eliminate the cancer completely. When that isn’t possible, the focus may be on preventing the tumor from growing or causing more harm. In some cases, an approach called palliative care may be best. Palliative care refers to treatment aimed not at removing or slowing the disease, but at helping relieve symptoms and making you as comfortable as possible…

 

 

 

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Kidney Cancer

Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They’re located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer.

In adults, the most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma, which begins in the cells that line the small tubes within your kidneys. Children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms’ tumor.

 

Symptoms

Kidney cancer rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages.

In the later stages, kidney cancer signs and symptoms may include : -

Blood in your urine, which may appear pink, red or cola-colored Back pain just below the ribs that doesn’t go away Weight loss Fatigue Intermittent fever

 

Causes

Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where it’s stored until it’s eliminated from your body through another tube, the urethra…

 

Types of kidney cancer

The most common types of kidney cancer include : -

Renal cell carcinoma : – This type of kidney cancer usually begins in the cells that line the small tubes of each nephron. In most cases, renal cell tumors grow as a single mass, but you may have more than one tumor in a kidney or develop tumors in both kidneys.

 

Transitional cell carcinoma : – This type of kidney cancer develops in the tissue that forms the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Transitional cell carcinomas can also begin in the ureters themselves or in the bladder.

 

Wilms’ tumor : – Wilms’ tumor is a type of kidney cancer that occurs in young children.

 

Tests and diagnosis

A kidney cancer diagnosis typically begins with a complete medical history and a physical exam. Your doctor may also recommend blood and urine tests. If your doctor suspects a problem or if you’re at high risk of kidney cancer…

 

Treatments and drugs

Together, you and your treatment team will discuss all of your kidney cancer treatment options. The best approach for you may depend on a number of factors, including your general health, the kind of kidney cancer you have, whether the cancer has spread and your own preferences for treatment…

Surgery Treatments when surgery isn’t possible Treatments for advanced and recurrent kidney cancer Treatment for transitional cell cancer

 

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Breast Cancer Treatment

 

What is Breast Cancer?

The term breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. The breast is composed of two main types of tissues: glandular tissues and stromal (supporting) tissues.

There are several types of tumors that may develop within different areas of the breast. Most tumors are the result of benign (non-cancerous) changes within the breast. For example, fibrocystic change is a non-cancerous condition in which women develop cysts (accumulated packets of fluid), fibrosis (formation of scar-like connective tissue), lumpiness, areas of thickening, tenderness, or breast pain.

 

Breast Cancer Risk factors 

Other factors that may make you more susceptible to breast cancer include : -

Age : – Your chances of developing breast cancer increase with age. Close to 80 percent of breast cancers occur in women older than age 50. In your 30s, you have a one in 233 chance of developing breast cancer. By age 85, your chance is one in eight.

A personal history of breast cancer : – If you’ve had breast cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the other breast.

 

Family history : – If you have a mother, sister or daughter with breast or ovarian cancer or both, or a male relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of also developing breast cancer

 

Genetic predisposition : – Between 5 percent and 10 percent of breast cancers are inherited.

 

Radiation exposure : – If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, you’re more likely to develop breast cancer later in life. Your risk is greatest if you received radiation as an adolescent during breast development.

 

Excess weight : – The relationship between excess weight and breast cancer is complex. In general, weighing more than is healthy increases your risk, particularly if you gained the weight as an adolescent. But risk is even greater if you put the weight on after menopause. Your risk also is greater if you have more body fat in the upper part of your body.

 

Early onset of menstrual cycles : – If you got your period at a young age, especially before age 12, you may have a greater likelihood of developing breast cancer. Experts attribute this risk to the early exposure of the breast tissue to estrogen.

 

Late menopause : – If you enter menopause after age 55, you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. Experts attribute this to the prolonged exposure of the breast tissue to estrogen…

 

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Early breast cancer usually does not cause pain. In fact, when it first develops, breast cancer may cause no symptoms at all. But as the cancer grows, it can cause these changes: 

 A lump or thickening in the breast or armpit   A change in the size or shape of the breast  Discharge from the nipple  A change in the color or texture of the skin of the breast or areola (such as dimpling, puckering, or scaliness).

 

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Imaging for Breast Cancer : – Imaging is an important component used to diagnose breast cancer and to evaluate the stage and extent of disease in breast cancer patients

 

Screening Mammography : – A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray of the breast. This is the best test we have to screen women for breast cancer. A Screening Mammogram consists of two “pictures” of each breast. If an area on the mammogram looks suspicious or is not clear, additional mammograms with different views may be needed. Annual screening mammography is recommended for all women over 40 years old.

 

Diagnostic Mammography : -This is a mammogram used for problem-solving, rather than for screening. For instance, if a patient has a lump in her breast, a directed investigation of that area is performed. This is also done when a particular finding in the breast is being followed over time. A diagnostic mammogram is tailored to the patient’s case and is carefully monitored by a radiologist, who interprets the images and determines whether there is any need for further tests.

 

Ultrasonography : -Using high-frequency sound waves, ultrasonography can often show whether a lump is solid or filled with fluid. This exam may be used along with Diagnostic Mammography or MRI to answer questions about a specific area of the breast. Because it uses sound waves instead of X-Rays, ultrasound provides information that is different and often complementary to the mammogram.

 

Breast MRI : -Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to look specifically at the breast. Each exam produces hundreds of images of the breast, cross-sectional in all three directions (side-to-side, top-to-bottom, front-to-back), which are then read by a radiologist. It is non-invasive and no radioactivity is involved. The technique is believed to have no health hazards in general.

 

Biopsy for Breast Cancer

One way to find out if a breast lump or abnormal tissue is cancer is by having a biopsy. During a biopsy, a surgeon, a pathologist or a radiologist removes a portion or all of the suspicious tissue. The suspicious tissue is examined under a microscope by a pathologist who checks for cancer cells and makes the diagnosis. The following are different types of biopsies as well as how you can best prepare yourself for each of them. The following are different types of biopsies.

 

Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy : – FNA samples a woman’s lump using a thin small needle that leaves a mark no bigger than a needle stick from a blood test. FNA often allows us to diagnose a lump within two to three days

 

Stereotactic Core Biopsy : – This procedure was developed as a less invasive way to obtain tissue samples for diagnosis. It involves removing tissue with a biopsy needle while your breast is compressed in a way similar to a mammogram. This biopsy requires less recovery time than surgery and causes no significant scarring

 

Needle (Wire) Localization Biopsy : – This type of biopsy involves the use of a needle and wire to locate the abnormal tissue and surgery to remove it. Needle localization is performed when you have an abnormality on a mammogram that cannot be felt. It is an outpatient biopsy that is done in two steps on the same day….

 

Treatment of a Breast Cancer in India

 

Mastectomy in India
Mastectomy is the surgical removal of a breast. Surgery is presently the most common treatment for breast cancer. Following mastectomy, immediate or delayed breast reconstruction is possible in many instances….

 

Types of Mastectomy

There are several different types of surgical procedures used to treat breast cancer. Depending on the location or surgeon who performs the procedure, different terms may be used….

 

 

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Anal Cancer Treatment

 

Anal Cancer Risk Factors

Smoking cigarettes Infection of HPV virus Receiving anal intercourse Abnormal openings in or around the anus (fistulas) Having multiple sexual partners Being over 50 years of age Anal swelling, redness or soreness that occurs frequently

 

Symptoms of Anal Cancer

Possible signs of anal cancer include bleeding from the anus or rectum or a lump near the anus.

Bleeding from the anus or rectum. Pain or pressure in the area around the anus. Itching or discharge from the anus. A lump near the anus. A change in bowel habits.

 

How is anal cancer diagnosed ?

The following tests and procedures may be used for anal cancer :

Physical exam and history : An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.

 

Digital rectal examination (DRE) : An exam of the anus and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of the rectum to feel for lumps or anything else that seems unusual.

 

Anoscopy : An exam of the anus and lower rectum using a short, lighted tube called an anoscope.

 

Proctoscopy : An exam of the rectum using a short, lighted tube called a proctoscope.

 

Endo-anal or endorectal ultrasound : A procedure in which an ultrasound transducer (probe) is inserted into the anus or rectum and used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.

 

Biopsy : The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If an abnormal area is seen during the anoscopy, a biopsy may be done at that time.

 

Treatment of anal cancer

The 3 main methods of treatment for anal cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Often the best approach combines 2 or more of these strategies. In the past, surgery was the only treatment for anal cancer, but doctors have found that most anal cancers can be successfully treated with radiation and chemotherapy combined and without the need for surgery. This treatment approach, called chemo radiotherapy, is now the most widely used approach for anal cancer.

 

Surgery for Anal Cancer

Surgery may be done if the anal cancer is detected at an early stage, but this is not the preferred mode of therapy. Currently surgery for anal cancer is indicated only in those patients who have failed to combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

 

Radiation therapy alone for Anal Cancer

This mode of treatment was used in Europe for early anal cancer lesions, but is associated with higher complication rates compared to combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which is the preferred treatment in anal cancer.

 

Combined chemo-radiation for Anal Cancer

This is the preferred mode of treatment for most patients with anal cancer. About 80 to 90 percent of patients usually experience complete remission (complete disappearance of tumor) with this mode of treatment and most of these patients are cured of anal cancer.

 

 

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Cervical Cancer

What is Cervical Cancer ?

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect a woman’s reproductive organs. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cases of cervical cancer.

When exposed to HPV, a woman’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small group of women, however, the virus survives for years before it eventually converts some cells on the surface of the cervix into cancer cells. Half of cervical cancer cases occur in women between ages 35 and 55…

 

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

You may not experience any cervical cancer symptoms — early cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms.

As the cancer progresses, these cervical cancer symptoms and signs may appear : -

Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

 

Causes of Cervical Cancer

In general, cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic mutation that turns normal cells into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don’t die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass (tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from an initial tumor to spread elsewhere in the body (metastasize).

Cervical cancer most commonly begins in the thin, flat cells that line the bottom of the cervix (squamous cells). Squamous cell carcinomas account for about 80 percent of cervical cancers. Cervical cancer can also occur in the glandular cells that line the upper portion of the cervix. Called adenocarcinomas, these cancers make up about 15 percent of cervical cancers. Sometimes both types of cells are involved in cervical cancer. Very rare cancers can occur in other cells in the cervix.

 Risk factors of Causes of Cervical Cancer

Many sexual partners : – The greater your number of sexual partners — and the greater your partner’s number of sexual partners — the greater your chance of acquiring HPV.

Early sexual activity : – Having sex before age 18 increases your risk of HPV. Immature cells seem to be more susceptible to the precancerous changes that HPV can cause.

Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) : – If you have other STDs — such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis or HIV/AIDS — you have a greater chance of also having acquired HPV.

A weak immune system : – Most women who are infected with HPV never develop cervical cancer. However, if you have an HPV infection and your immune system is weakened by another health condition, you may be more likely to develop cervical cancer.

 

Cigarette smoking : – The exact mechanism that links cigarette smoking to cervical cancer isn’t known, but tobacco use increases the risk of precancerous changes as well as cancer of the cervix. Smoking and HPV infection may work together to cause cervical cancer.

 

Diagnosis

If you experience signs and symptoms of cervical cancer or if a Pap test has revealed cancerous cells, you may undergo further tests to diagnose your cancer.

 

To make a diagnosis, your doctor may : -

 

Examine your cervix : – During an exam called colposcopy, your doctor uses a special microscope (colposcope) to examine your cervix for abnormal cells. If your doctor identifies unusual areas, he or she may take a small sample of cells for analysis (biopsy).

 

Take a sample of cervical cells : – During a biopsy procedure your doctor removes a sample of unusual cells from your cervix using special tools. During one type of biopsy — punch biopsy — your doctor uses a circular knife to remove a small circular section of the cervix. Other special types of biopsy may be used depending on the location and size of the unusual area of cells.

 

Remove a cone-shaped area of cervical cells : – A cone biopsy (conization) — so called because it involves taking a cone-shaped sample of the cervix — allows your doctor to obtain deeper layers of cervical cells for laboratory testing. Your doctor may use a scalpel, laser or electrified wire loop to cut away the tissue.

 

Complications

Treatments for invasive cervical cancer often make it impossible to become pregnant in the future. For many women — especially younger women and those who have yet to begin a family — infertility is a distressing side effect of treatment. If you’re concerned about your ability to get pregnant in the future, discuss this with your doctor.

For a specific subgroup of women with early cervical cancer, fertility-sparing surgery may be a treatment option. A surgical procedure to remove your cervix and surrounding lymphatic tissue only (radical trachelectomy) may preserve your uterus. Early studies of radical trachelectomy suggest that cervical cancer can be cured using this technique, though it isn’t appropriate for every woman and there may be added risks to this surgery. Future pregnancies may be possible, but are considered high risk because removing the cervical tissue can lead to a higher incidence of miscarriage and premature birth…

 

Treatments of Cervical Cancer

Treatment of cervical cancer that’s confined to the outside layer of the cervix typically requires treatment to remove the abnormal area of cells. For most women in this situation, no additional treatments are needed..

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Having the industry’s most elaborate and exclusive Patient Care and Clinical Coordination teams stationed at each partner hospital, we provide you the smoothest and seamless care ever imagined. With a ratio of one Patient Care Manager to five patients our patient care standards are unmatched across the sub continent.

 

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Liver Cancer

Primary liver cancer begins in the cells of the liver itself. Although many cancers are declining in the United States, new cases of primary liver cancer are increasing.

Cancers that commonly spread to the liver include colon, lung and breast cancers. These cancers aren’t called liver cancer. Instead, they are named after the organ in which the cancer began — such as metastatic colon cancer to describe cancer that begins in the colon and spreads to the liver. These metastatic cancers are treated based on where the cancer began, rather than being treated as primary liver cancers.

 

Symptoms of Liver Cancer

When symptoms do appear, they may include some or all of the following : -

Loss of appetite and weight Abdominal pain, especially in the upper right part of your abdomen, that may extend into your back and shoulder Nausea and vomiting General weakness and fatigue An enlarged liver Abdominal swelling (ascites) A yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)

 

Causes of Liver Cancer

Your liver is a football-sized organ that sits in the upper right portion of your abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach. Your liver processes most of the nutrients absorbed from your small intestine and determines how much sugar (glucose), protein and fat enter your bloodstream. It also manufactures blood-clotting substances and certain proteins. Your liver performs a vital detoxifying function by removing drugs, alcohol and other harmful substances from your bloodstream…

 

Tests and diagnosis of Liver Cancer

 

Screening : -

Screening for liver cancer hasn’t been definitively proved to reduce the risk of dying of liver cancer. For this reason, many medical groups don’t recommend liver cancer screening.

However, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommends liver cancer screening for those thought to have a high risk…

 

Diagnosis : -

If you experience any of the symptoms of liver cancer, your doctor will ask you about your medical history and perform a physical exam.

 

Tests and procedures used to diagnose liver cancer include : -

Ultrasound (ultrasonography) : – This test uses sound waves to produce a picture of internal organs, including the liver. Ultrasound is painless and usually takes less than 30 minutes…

 

Computerized tomography (CT) scan : – This test uses X-rays to produce cross-sectional images of your body. You may also have a variation of the test — known as a CT angiogram — in which contrast dye is injected into an artery in your liver.

 

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) : – MRI creates images using a magnetic field and radio waves. Sometimes a contrast dye also may be used.

 

Liver biopsy : – In this procedure, a sample of tissue is removed from your liver and examined under a microscope. Liver biopsy is considered the only definitive way to diagnose liver cancer.

 

Blood tests : – Doctors sometimes use a blood test that checks for the presence of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) — a type of protein found in small amounts in adults — to detect liver cancer.

 

Treatments of Liver Cancer

Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health, feelings and personal preferences. Discuss all of your options carefully with your treatment team.

The goal of any treatment is to eliminate the cancer completely. When that isn’t possible, the focus may be on preventing the tumor from growing or spreading. In some cases palliative care only is appropriate. Palliative care refers to treatment aimed not at removing or slowing the disease but at helping relieve symptoms and making you as comfortable as possible…

 

Surgery : – The best treatment for localized resectable cancer is usually an operation known as surgical resection. In some cases, the area of the liver where the cancer is found can be completely removed. You aren’t a candidate for surgical removal of liver tumors if you have cirrhosis or only a small amount of healthy liver tissue. Even when resections are successful, there is a chance the cancer can recur elsewhere in the liver or in other areas within a few years…

 

Alcohol injection : -In this procedure, pure alcohol is injected directly into tumors, either through the skin or during an operation. Alcohol dries out the cells of the tumor and eventually the cells die. Each treatment consists of one injection, although you may need a series of injections for the best results. Alcohol injection has been shown to improve survival in people with small hepatocellular tumors…

 

Radiofrequency ablation : – In this procedure, electric current in the radiofrequency range is used to destroy malignant cells. Using an ultrasound or CT scan as a guide, your surgeon inserts several thin needles into small incisions in your abdomen. When the needles reach the tumor, they’re heated with an electric current, destroying the malignant cells. Radiofrequency ablation is an option for people with small, unresectable hepatocellular tumors and for some types of metastatic liver cancers…

 

Chemoembolization : – Chemoembolization is a type of chemotherapy treatment that supplies strong anti-cancer drugs directly to the liver. Chemoembolization isn’t curative, but it can shrink tumors in a certain percentage of people, which may provide symptom relief and improve survival. During the procedure, the hepatic artery — the artery from which liver cancers derive their blood supply — is blocked, and chemotherapy drugs are injected between the blockage and the liver…

 

Cryoablation (cryosurgery or cryotherapy) : – This treatment uses extreme cold to destroy cancer cells. Cryoablation may be an option for people with inoperable primary and metastatic liver cancers. It may also be used in addition to surgery, chemotherapy or other standard treatments…

 

Radiation therapy : – This treatment uses high-powered energy beams to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside your body or from radiation-containing materials inserted into your liver. Radiation may be used on its own to treat localized unresectable cancer…

 

Chemotherapy : – This treatment uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be systemic — meaning it travels throughout your body in your bloodstream — or regional. Systemic chemotherapy is generally not effective in treating liver cancer, but may be a treatment option in certain cases…

 

Liver transplantation : – In this surgical procedure, a diseased liver is removed and replaced with a healthy, donated organ. Liver transplantation may be an option for some people with small, early-stage liver tumors and for certain people with bile duct tumors…

 

Please log on to : www.indiahospitaltour.com

Send your query : Get a Quote

 

We Care Core Values

We have a very simple business model that keeps you as the centre.

Having the industry’s most elaborate and exclusive Patient Care and Clinical Coordination teams stationed at each partner hospital, we provide you the smoothest and seamless care ever imagined. With a ratio of one Patient Care Manager to five patients our patient care standards are unmatched across the sub continent.

 

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