Anatomically speaking, the cervix is part of the lower uterus which is often regarded as the “neck of the uterus”. Cervical Cancer Treatment CostWomen who are more than the age of thirty are of high risk to develop cancer of the cervix.

In general, there are two main types of cancer of the cervix. These are ectocervix squamous cell cervical cancer and endocervix adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

The ectocervix is the part of the cervix that projects in the vagina. It is also termed as portio vaginalis. On the outer portion of the ectocervix are flat cells that can become cancerous which could lead to squamous cell cancer of the cervix.

The endocervix is the inside portion of the cervix. The endocervix have glandular cells that produce mucus. When these glandular cells become cancerous, it can lead to adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

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The early stages of cervical cancer do not produce any signs and symptoms, thus, it remains undiagnosed in most cases. This is the reason why it is important to have regular check-ups in order to determine if there are any underlying medical conditions. In the later stages, cancer of the cervix can manifest symptoms such as bleeding between periods, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge tinged with blood, discomforts during intercourse, and smelly vaginal discharge.

There are different risk factors which can cause cancer of the cervix. Some of the risk factors include the human papilloma virus, smoking, multiple sex partners, weak immune system, genetic factors, multiple pregnancies, use of contraceptive pills, sexually transmitted diseases, and socio-economic status.

Through pap smear, cervical cancer can be diagnosed. Aside from that, there are also other laboratory tests which can be done to confirm the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Blood tests, biopsy, CT scan, MRI, and pelvic ultrasound are some of the tests that can help in diagnosing cancer of the cervix.

Cancer of the cervix has four stages with stage four being the late stage. There are also numerous treatment options for cervical cancer which includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

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The woman should have frequent tests and exams for several years so that the doctor can check for any signs that the condition has returned.

Cervical Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy

Cancer treatment can cause side effects many years later. For this reason, patients should continue to have regular checkups and should report any health problems that appear.

Living with a serious disease is not easy. Cancer patients and those who care about them face many problems and challenges. Coping with these problems is often easier when people have helpful information and support services.

Some worries that cancer patients may face can include holding their job, caring for their family, or keeping up with daily activities. Worries about tests, treatments, hospital stays, and medical bills are common. Doctors, nurses, and other members of the health care team can answer questions about treatment, working, or other activities. Also, meeting with a social worker, counselor, or a member of the clergy can be helpful to patients who want to talk about their feelings or discuss their concerns.

Friends and relatives can be very supportive. Also, it helps many patients to discuss their concerns with others who have cancer. Cancer patients often get together in support groups, where they can share what they have learned about coping with cancer and the effects of treatment. It is important to keep in mind, however, that each patient is different. Treatments and ways of dealing with cancer that work for one person may not be right for another, even if they both have the same kind of cancer. It is a good idea to discuss the advice of friends and family members with the doctor.

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Often, a social worker at the hospital or clinic can suggest groups that can help with rehabilitation, emotional support, financial aid, transportation, or home care.

Laura Guthrie is a former cancer patient who successfully recovered. She now shares her best of the best information to give back.

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HPV causes the disease known as genital warts but it also causes cervical cancer. Cervical Cancer Treatment And PregnancyIt is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world today.

There are many different types of HPV and not all types cause the wart like lesions to appear in the genital area. In fact most people who have this sexually transmitted disease do not have any outwards sign of its presence.

Statistics suggest that up to 50% of sexually active adults will acquire HPV in their lifetime. A robust immune system will most likely be able to take care of the initial HPV infection so you may never even know that you had it. If you were infected with the type of HPV that causes genital warts you may see the wart like lesions around the genital area, including on the shaft of the penis and the anal area. Women with genital warts may not see any lesions at all if they are confined to the vagina.

The strains of HPV that cause genital warts are classed as low risk viruses whereas the strains that cause cervical cancer are classed as a “high risk”.

The link between cervical cancer and sexual activity was first suspected when the observation was made (1841) that nuns were never diagnosed with cervical cancer. At the same time it was noted that cervical cancer was more common in women who were prostitutes. A link between papilloma viruses and cancer was found in research on rabbits but it was not until the human papilloma virus was identified that the link to HPV and cervical cancer was made. This occurred in the late 1970’s.

Both the Canadian and American Cancer Society lists other risk factor for cervical cancer as long term exposure to female hormones such as those found in birth control pills, smoking, HIV infection, exposure to certain hormones such as diethylstilbestrol (DES), and genetic factors.

Cervical Cancer

The cervix is the opening of the uterus. When infected with the high risk human papilloma virus strains these cells can become cancerous. Women over 30 are at more risk to develop cervical cancer suggesting that it takes some time for the cancerous changes to occur after the HPV infection. Not all women who are infected with the human papilloma virus will go on to develop cervical cancer.

In the United States cervical cancer is more prevalent among the Hispanic and Black populations who also have a higher mortality from the disease. In Canada higher rates of cervical cancer are seen among the older (ages 40-59), immigrant, aboriginal, and lower socio-economic populations. In both countries it is thought that rates are higher among these populations because of lack of screening, which results in detection at a much later stage of the disease.

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The number of deaths from cervical cancer in the last 50 years has decreased dramatically because of the ability to diagnose the disease early with the Pap test. This test bears the name of its originator George Papanikolaou. It is a simple test that requires a sample of cells from the cervix. The tissue is sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope. Cancerous changes can be detected very early this way and early diagnosis improves success rates for treatment.

Treatment

When diagnosed early enough cervical cancer can be treated by removing the cancerous cells. This may range from removal of cells confined to the cervix to a complete hysterectomy depending on how advanced the cancer is and whether or not it has spread to lymphatic tissue.

Prevention

You can lower your risk of developing cervical cancer by limiting the number of sexual contacts and knowing your partner’s HPV status. If you are sexually active and not in a monogamous relationship you should use a barrier method of protection with every sexual encounter and undergo regular screening as part of your routine health examination. It is recommended that sexually active women should have a gynecological exam with a Pap smear every three years to age 69.

HPV vaccine

Vaccines have recently come on the market that provide protection from two strains of high risk HPV. Health officials are recommending all young women be vaccinated before they become sexually active. The vaccine is provided free of charge to girls in most provinces in Canada. Many states in the US are attempting to pass legislation requiring the vaccine but to date only 3 have been successful in getting legislation passed.

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Sometimes that task is very hard to undertake; Most of the time it seems downright impossible. Hpv Cervical Cancer Treatment Then, ever so often, a light shines and we are lead right straight into that “something good”. Before you even realize what has happened, you are making the most of the cards you have been dealt. It may take a couple of second glances to see that this wonderful gift came from some horrible tragedy you have survived.

But once your eyes are opened, the world is at your feet once again. My survival of Neuroendocrine Small Cell of the Uterine Cervix, is a miracle in itself, as it is so rare and aggressive and has a poor prognosis. But the gift I have been given since my diagnosis, to put my talents to use, is the greatest and most wonderful thing that could have ever come from this negative experience.

In my last article titled “My Survival of Small Cell Cervical Cancer”, I touched on a few things that had started to happen since my diagnosis and subsequent recovery and remission. I am actually cancer free from a terrible disease that more often than not, takes its victims to its grave. Just being cancer free is a great thing that came from surviving SCCC, but what has come to pass over the last 6 months of my life is even greater.

I started to feel more like myself in May of 2008; More than a year after the end of my treatment. But I hadn’t worked in some time, the kids were older and made much more self sufficient not only by age but by the circumstances of their lives. I didn’t know what to do with myself. I had no idea what direction to take. But I did know that God did not spare me for “no” reason. Yes, I do believe I was spared….blessed if you will. Don’t get me wrong; I did the work….but never alone. Even though I knew something was expected of me, I had no idea what. I still felt alone and isolated by the rarity of the disease and because I had no one to connect with, I felt no one in my inner circle really understood how much I was struggling with this idea. I think at that time I fell into a depression of sorts. I just did nothing. I felt better from treatment, but I was dealing with a myriad of other issue. I had infections in my body that wouldn’t go away. Every time I left the house, I picked up some kind of bug and spent days with my head in the toilet. I was weak and fatigued and my mental state of confusion and memory loss only added to the deepening fear that I would not accomplish anything before this cancer came back and struck me down. I wasn’t really looking forward. I was stuck in one place again.

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One day I opened my email and there was a messagel from a person I did not know. She had found me on a cancer message board. She also had SCCC and was surviving cancer free for more than a year. That brought me to my feet in an instant. There was another surviving like me with no recurrence. I couldn’t believe it and I was intrigued. I answered her back. We clicked immediately. Although we had very different life styles, we were very much alike in personality. Sometimes I would read over her emails at night and weep. I would weep for the fact that I wasn’t alone in this. I had always had my family and friends and was truly never alone, but she was different. She was connected to me in a way no one else ever could be. Her name is Melanie Cummings (Mel) and I knew she would be in my life forever. Quickly we both realized that we had been brought together for a bigger purpose, so we started brain storming.

There were a few web sites on the internet that offered the ability to join message boards or find a pen pal that you could correspond with that was battling the same cancer or situation as you. But all of them required registration of your personal info and some required waiting periods. The message boards did not allow the exchange of personal emails so it made it hard for others to connect on an intimate level. Although we realized that these sites had put these safety measures in place to protect their users from fraud, we also believed that people in our circumstances were looking for immediate responses to their ever important and growing need for answers and support. We thought that possibly not as many people were utilizing or getting the satisfaction from these web sites they sought because of the wait or lack of intimacy; As fighting cancer is very intimate. So we decided to design a site for just that purpose. We streamlined the process by only requiring a first name, description of their situation, and what they were looking for in terms of support or information. We would match these people to others that wrote in and were in our data base. We did not require any personal information and felt we were offering the response time that people in our situation sought. We built the web site and called it “Cancer Comrades” cancercomrades.com.

Since its inception we have received emails from people in the United States as well as Canada and the UK. We have read stories of survival of many types of cancer and have heard from the friends and relatives of those diagnosed expressing their worry and sadness and need for support and information. The web site has taken on a whole life of its own and introduced us to many people we have been able to help. The other day I was ecstatic to find an email waiting for us from a woman in New York who had just finished treatment for SCCC and was cancer free as well. That now makes three!!!! Before this web site I had been alone and now I had 2 wonderful women with a common bond. Not someone to sit around with and wallow in our diagnosis, but “Comrades in Arms” to be at our side and fight, come what may. It has also given SCCC and Cervical Cancers of all types a voice and a place to be heard.

As I read back through this article I just wrote, I see that many good things came from this one bad thing, and I am truly blessed. I always say “I plan to be a positive force while still on this earth”. I believe I am on my way. I have found my purpose beyond the obvious of being a good mother, loving wife and decent person. I am doing what I was given the talent to do. Use my voice, my words and my art to help heal. Medicine is one way, but comfort, support and encouragement is another way to heal.

Mel and I intend to keep this going strong. We intend to take our message out into the public and we are also getting involved in fundraising to find a cure for SCCC and all Cervical Cancers. There are no limits to our abilities and there is always strength in numbers. But remember, no matter what tragedy has struck you…no matter how low life can take you….there is always something good in something bad. Thank you for reading.

Colleen Marlett

“I will be a positive force while still on this earth.”

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It is one of the reasons you are pressured so much to see your doctor once a year and have a pap smear done. Cervical Cancer Treatment GuidelinesCervical cancer is a very serious disease that all women should be aware of and take measures to prevent. It is the second leading type of cancer found in women today. However, if you have a routine exam yearly then it greatly reduces the risk of you having this disease. It helps to reduce the risk by allowing your doctor to find and treat the cancer before it has time to spread and turn into invasive cancer. So what causes cancer of the cervix?

Cervical cancer is when cancer cells develop in the lining of a woman’s cervix. The cervix is the lower part of womb or uterus. African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanic are in the high risk category for this disease. It is also very common in middle age women and older. It does take time for cancer of the cervix to develop which is why early screening is important. When cancer develops normal cells begin to deform and change into cancer cells. They go through a process when the cells are in a precancerous stage and if not treated it changes into cancer. Flat but scaly surface cells line the cervix and this is the most common place that invasive cancer of the cervix develops.

Although the cause of cancer of the cervix is not known there are certain factors that increase the risk of developing this type of cancer. The sexually transmitted disease called human papillomavirus or HPV for short is highly associated with invasive cancer of the cervix. Other factors that increase your chances of developing cancer of the cervix include a history of sexual transmitted diseases, having multiple partners and having sex when very young. Women who smoke double their risk of developing cancer of the cervix. It is very important for a woman to have regular routine exams to help find this condition early so they can receive treatment and prevent invasive cancer of the cervix from developing.

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The beginning stages of cancer of the cervix normally do not have any warning signs. In fact, you may feel perfectly fine. The main way to detect this cancer in its early stages is by the annual routine exams. This test will show if precancerous cells are developing. As the cancer progresses you may develop signs such as a vaginal discharge that is yellow and has a noticeable smell. Abnormal vaginal bleeding may occur and you may experience lower back pain, pain during sex and painful urination. If cancer of the cervix is not treated then it will spread to other organs in the surrounding areas. If left untreated to long it can become life threaten and be too late to receive treatment of any value. Once the cancer spreads to vital organs there is not much that can be done therefore, it is imperative that all women receive regular monthly exams.

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The Cause And Treatment

Cost Of Cervical Cancer Treatment

Cervical cancer is a common cancer among women. There has been a link established between the incidence of this disease and the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Today, young women are encouraged to take a vaccine for HPV in an attempt to reduce the risk of contracting cervical cancer later in life.

It has been found that the HPV virus is present in nearly all cases of cervical cancer. However most women who have the HPV virus do not go on to develop cancer. Therefore, it is thought that other risk factors come into play. Some of these include having a weakened immune system, smoking cigarettes and increasing your risk of STDs by having multiple sexual partners. Engaging in sexual activity at an early age also seems to increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, possibly because immature cells are more vulnerable to cancerous changes triggered by the HPV virus.

Cancerous cells in the cervic is very dangerous because the early stages usually do not cause symptoms. By the time symptoms are observed, the cancer has become advanced. These symptoms include vaginal bleeding unrelated to the menstrual cycle, bleeding after intercourse, painful intercourse, pelvic pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge.

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on if it is confined to the outer layer or if it has invaded deep into the cervix. Cancer that is on the surface of the cervix can be surgically removed. The surgeon usually removes a portion of the cervix, but in some cases, a simple hysterectomy may be needed in order to remove all of the cancerous and pre-cancerous tissue.

Other types of surgery include laser surgery, cryosurgery, and electrosurgery. With laser surgery, a precise energy beam is directed onto the cancer in order to kill it. Cryosurgery kills the cancer by freezing it. Electrosurgery involves using an electrified wire to cut away cancer cells.

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When cervical cancer is advanced, surgery usually calls for a radical hysterectomy that not only removes the cervix and uterus, but also removes part of the vagina and lymph nodes.

Radiation may also be used as a form of treatment. The radiation can be applied externally to the cervix or it can be placed into the cervix internally. In advanced cervical cancer, radiation is usually combined with chemotherapy to enhance its effectiveness. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses powerful drugs alone or in combination with each other to travel throughout your body to kill spreading cancer cells.

You may be able to prevent cervical cancer if you take steps to prevent becoming infected with the HPV virus. This means practicing safe sex by always using condoms. Young girls may want to consider receiving the HPV vaccine called Gardasil. It is being recommended for girls as a routine vaccination at 11 to 12 years of age before becoming sexually active. Other young women up to age 26 are advised to take the vaccine also.

Since early cervical cancer often has no symptoms, regular pap tests are important in order to detect the HPV virus and any pre-cancerous changes to cervical cells.

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However, there are more deaths from this form of cancer each year in the United States than from endometrial cancer and cervical cancer combined. Cervical Cancer Treatment Side Effects The lifetime risk of developing spontaneous ovarian cancer is about 1.7%. Epithelial ovarian cancer was expected cause 15,520 deaths in 2008. Mean age at diagnosis is 60. There has been a significant improvement in the five year survival rate for patients with ovarian cancer. This is likely a combination of better tumor debulking surgeries and better chemotherapeutic options.

Most patients with this type of ovarian cancer do not have signs or symptoms until disease spreads to the upper abdomen. 70% of patients present with advanced disease. Symptoms for early stage ovarian cancer can include nonspecific pelvic discomfort, urinary frequency and constipation which are caused by an enlarging pelvic mass. With advanced disease, patients experience abdominal pain, bloating, anorexia, nausea and constipation.

The best tumor marker for ovarian cancer is CA 125. Minor elevations in CA 125 can also be seen in endometriosis, benign tumors, fibroids and in pregnant and postpartum women. In addition, moderate elevation of CA 125 can be seen in other adnocarcinoma such as breast and endometrial cancer. The sensitivity of CA 125 is 70% to 80% and the specificity is 98.6% to 99.4%. However, in the average risk population with low prevalence of ovarian cancer, the false positive can be unacceptably high.

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The National Cancer Institute recommends screening for ovarian female cancer with known genetic syndromes associated with this disease and for women with strong family history. Routine screening of women without family history of ovarian cancer is not recommended. The known genetic syndromes include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome associated with BRCA 1, BRCA 2 and Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome (HNPCC). The absolute risk of ovarian cancer in the presence of either BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation ranges from 16% to 60%. For patients with HNPCC syndrome, the lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is 9% to 12%.

Epithelial cancer accounts for about 90% of ovarian cancers. Common histologies include serous, mucinous, endometroid, transitiona and clear cell types. Germ cell tumors include dysgerminoma, endodermal sinus tumor, malignant teratoma embryonal carcinoma or primary choriocarcinoma. Stromal tumors include granulose tumor or Sertoli-Leydig tumor.

Upon initial presentation, surgery is used for confirmation and staging the cancer. Stage I disease is confined to one or both ovaries. Stage II involves one or both ovaries with extension to the pelvic viscera. Stage III is associated with implants on the abdominopelvic wall or the serosal surface of the liver or involves small bowel or omentum. Stage IV disease involves distant metastasis. The 5 year survival for stage IA disease and grade 1 or 2 histology is greater than 90%. For high risk stage I disease and stage II disease, 5 year survival is 80%. For patients with stage III disease after optimal debulking, 5 year survival is 20% to 30%. This reduces to be less than 10% for stage III patients with suboptimal debulking and stage IV disease.

Stage I ovarian cancer with favorable prognostic features can be treated with surgery alone. For women with high risk, early stage cancer (Stage I grade 3 or stage II disease), adjuvant chemotherapy with platinum based agents show an 11% improvement in progression free survival and 8% improvement in overall survival. For stage III and IV disease, the current standard of care include maximal attempt at surgical cytoreduction followed by chemotherapy with platinum based agents.

Optimal debulking is an important part in the treatment of cancer in the ovaries. Retrospective data have shown that survival is better for women who receive chemotherapy in the presence of low volume disease. In the setting where optimal surgical cytoreduction cannot be achieved, an alternative approach is for the patient to receive chemotherapy up front. For patients who have a partial response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, it may be appropriate to attempt surgical removal of macroscopic disease at that time.

As for the standard of care in chemotherapy for advanced ovarian-type cancer, studies have shown that paclitaxel/cisplatin combination is superior to cyclophosphamide/cisplatin combination. Later studies showed that carboplatin/paclitaxel is at least as effective as cisplatin/paclitaxel.

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an appealing approach for treating a disease that is largely confined in the peritoneal space. GOG 172 which was a phase III clinical trials demonstrated that this regional approach resulted in superior progression free survival and overall survival when compared with the intravenous approach alone. The disadvantage of this approach includes local toxicity, and requirement for intraperitoneal catheter placement.

Because of the high recurrence rate in patients with advanced ovarian cancer, the issue of whether consolidation chemotherapy may improve time to progression and overall survival was examined in a phase III trial comparing 3 and 12 cycles of taxol. Progression free survival favored the 12 cycle arm. However, overall survival was not different between the two arms. Therefore, the oncologist needs to discuss with the patient and allow them to decide whether the improved progression free survival justifies toxicities including peripheral neuropathy and alopecia.

For many patients with advanced ovarian cancer who have an initial treatment response, disease relapses at a later time. The treatment of patients with recurrent disease or resistant disease needs to be individualized. For people with long treatment free interval, similar drugs many be reused. There are also a number of single agent drugs with activity in ovarian cancer. These include altretamine, bevacizumab, docetaxel, etoposide, gemcitabine, liposomal doxorubicin, paclitaxel, tamoxifen, topotecan and vinorelbine.

Radiation can also play a role in the palliation of some patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Symptoms such as pain from growing pelvic mass or bone metastasis can be palliated. Very rarely cerebral metastasis can develop which can also be treated with radiation.

The best treatment of ovarian cancer needs a team approach between the primary care physician, gynecological oncology surgeon, medical oncologists and radiation oncologists. As more chemotherapeutic agents become available and as we further understand the biology of epithelial ovarian cancer, we hope to further improve the overall survival and quality of life of our patients.

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Cervical Cancer

What is Cervical Cancer ?

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect a woman’s reproductive organs. Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, play a role in causing most cases of cervical cancer.

When exposed to HPV, a woman’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small group of women, however, the virus survives for years before it eventually converts some cells on the surface of the cervix into cancer cells. Half of cervical cancer cases occur in women between ages 35 and 55…

 

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

You may not experience any cervical cancer symptoms — early cervical cancer generally produces no signs or symptoms.

As the cancer progresses, these cervical cancer symptoms and signs may appear : -

Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods or after menopause Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odor Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

 

Causes of Cervical Cancer

In general, cancer begins when healthy cells acquire a genetic mutation that turns normal cells into abnormal cells. Healthy cells grow and multiply at a set rate, eventually dying at a set time. Cancer cells grow and multiply out of control, and they don’t die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass (tumor). Cancer cells invade nearby tissues and can break off from an initial tumor to spread elsewhere in the body (metastasize).

Cervical cancer most commonly begins in the thin, flat cells that line the bottom of the cervix (squamous cells). Squamous cell carcinomas account for about 80 percent of cervical cancers. Cervical cancer can also occur in the glandular cells that line the upper portion of the cervix. Called adenocarcinomas, these cancers make up about 15 percent of cervical cancers. Sometimes both types of cells are involved in cervical cancer. Very rare cancers can occur in other cells in the cervix.

 Risk factors of Causes of Cervical Cancer

Many sexual partners : – The greater your number of sexual partners — and the greater your partner’s number of sexual partners — the greater your chance of acquiring HPV.

Early sexual activity : – Having sex before age 18 increases your risk of HPV. Immature cells seem to be more susceptible to the precancerous changes that HPV can cause.

Other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) : – If you have other STDs — such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis or HIV/AIDS — you have a greater chance of also having acquired HPV.

A weak immune system : – Most women who are infected with HPV never develop cervical cancer. However, if you have an HPV infection and your immune system is weakened by another health condition, you may be more likely to develop cervical cancer.

 

Cigarette smoking : – The exact mechanism that links cigarette smoking to cervical cancer isn’t known, but tobacco use increases the risk of precancerous changes as well as cancer of the cervix. Smoking and HPV infection may work together to cause cervical cancer.

 

Diagnosis

If you experience signs and symptoms of cervical cancer or if a Pap test has revealed cancerous cells, you may undergo further tests to diagnose your cancer.

 

To make a diagnosis, your doctor may : -

 

Examine your cervix : – During an exam called colposcopy, your doctor uses a special microscope (colposcope) to examine your cervix for abnormal cells. If your doctor identifies unusual areas, he or she may take a small sample of cells for analysis (biopsy).

 

Take a sample of cervical cells : – During a biopsy procedure your doctor removes a sample of unusual cells from your cervix using special tools. During one type of biopsy — punch biopsy — your doctor uses a circular knife to remove a small circular section of the cervix. Other special types of biopsy may be used depending on the location and size of the unusual area of cells.

 

Remove a cone-shaped area of cervical cells : – A cone biopsy (conization) — so called because it involves taking a cone-shaped sample of the cervix — allows your doctor to obtain deeper layers of cervical cells for laboratory testing. Your doctor may use a scalpel, laser or electrified wire loop to cut away the tissue.

 

Complications

Treatments for invasive cervical cancer often make it impossible to become pregnant in the future. For many women — especially younger women and those who have yet to begin a family — infertility is a distressing side effect of treatment. If you’re concerned about your ability to get pregnant in the future, discuss this with your doctor.

For a specific subgroup of women with early cervical cancer, fertility-sparing surgery may be a treatment option. A surgical procedure to remove your cervix and surrounding lymphatic tissue only (radical trachelectomy) may preserve your uterus. Early studies of radical trachelectomy suggest that cervical cancer can be cured using this technique, though it isn’t appropriate for every woman and there may be added risks to this surgery. Future pregnancies may be possible, but are considered high risk because removing the cervical tissue can lead to a higher incidence of miscarriage and premature birth…

 

Treatments of Cervical Cancer

Treatment of cervical cancer that’s confined to the outside layer of the cervix typically requires treatment to remove the abnormal area of cells. For most women in this situation, no additional treatments are needed..

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Cervical cancer treatment in India is provided at state of the art hospitals by some of the best doctors in the world. Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages. Treatment consists of surgery in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease. Cervical cancer treatment in India benefits from a large staff of world class experts and the ultra-competitive cost advantage it offers.

Signs and symptoms

The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely asymptomatic. Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding or (rarely) a vaginal mass may indicate the presence of malignancy. Also, moderate pain during sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge are symptoms of cervical cancer. In advanced disease, metastases may be present in the abdomen, lungs or elsewhere. Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, single swollen leg, heavy bleeding from the vagina, leaking of urine or faeces from the vagina, and bone fractures.

Causes of cervical cancer Human papillomavirus infection

The most important risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus. The virus cancer link works by triggering alterations in the cells of the cervix, which can lead to the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which can lead to cancer.

Cofactors

The American Cancer Society provides the following list of risk factors for cervical cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, HIV infection, chlamydia infection, dietary factors, hormonal contraception, multiple pregnancies, exposure to the hormonal drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) and a family history of cervical cancer. There is a possible genetic risk associated with HLA-B7.

Treatment

Treatment of cervical cancer is directed at preventing precancerous cells from becoming cancerous cells.

This is usually a step-by-step process, involving the removal of cells or tissue to diagnose cancer and to find out how far it has invaded. If the deepest cells removed by biopsy were normal, no further treatment may be needed. If the deepest cells removed by biopsy were cancerous or precancerous, this means the cancer has invaded farther than the biopsy. In these cases, treatment generally starts with removal of additional tissues. As these tissues are removed, they are checked for dysplastic change to be sure all the precancerous or cancerous cells have been removed from the body or are otherwise destroyed. Cervical cancer treatment in India is performed  by the qualified surgeons after the consultation and physical examination of patients.

Indian Medical tourism is fulfilling the growing demands of International Patients for their medical treatments in India that combined the advantages of high quality medical care and absence of waiting lists for most of the medical treatment procedures. International Patients approaching Cervical cancer treatment in India are able to draw on the pool of expertise and skills of board certified doctors / consultants / surgeons who work as a team for the best of care and treatment. In addition to the access to specialist skills, the patients also have the quality assurance that the medical services are peer reviewed and medically audited. For more information on Cervical cancer treatment in India visit us at http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com or mail your queries at enquiry@forerunnershealthcare.com or you can call at +91-9371136499, +91-9860755000, + 1-415-599-2537 (USA) / +44-20-8133-2571 (UK).

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