This usually stems from the epithelium lining the large intestine. Brain Cancer Treatment Cost The function of the colon aka the large bowel is to absorb water from the stool and patients of adenocarcinoma colon cancer usually report excessively hard stool.

Although adenocarcinoma colon cancer is not uncommon, it is rarely found in young adults. The greater your age the higher the chances of your suffering from adenocarcinoma  cancer and especially women aged over 50 years are supposed to be at the greatest risk from adenocarcinoma. Although adenocarcinoma colon is found all over the world, it is primarily found in places of low fiber diet which make America, Europe and Australia soft targets.

Adenocarcinoma colon cancer is usually found in people who have some heredity of adenomatous polyposis or even non-polyposis colorectal cancer especially if the family history is from first-degree relatives. Hereditary factors can be to an extent that adenocarcinoma colon may be found in persons as young as teenagers. Certain types of polyps have a potential for malignancy. People having a high fat yet low fiber diet especially with a high intake of red meat are the ones that are most likely to suffer from adenocarcinoma. Even obesity is a cause of adenocarcinoma colon.

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Adenocarcinoma colon cancer is known to spread after invading the wall of the bowel. On crossing the muscular layer of the bowel’s wall the tumor enters the lymphatic vessels and thereafter spreads to local as well as regional lymph nodes. Sometimes the tumor can also spread through the bloodstream to the liver and even other organs of the body including the lungs, bones and even the brain. In case a lot of the tumor has passed the bowels wall then they float about the abdomen as small amounts of fluid and can seed the bowels covering. Adenocarcinoma colon is known to produce small nodules within the abdomen to irritate tissues to cause the production of huge quantities of ascites. If adenocarcinoma colon is detected at a young stage then the prognosis can be really good as at early stages treatment via surgery is really easy and predictable. However once the muscular wall has been breached by the tumor, only three fifths of the total patients are able to survive another five years!

The treatment of choice for early adenocarcinoma colon cancer is surgery. For tumors that are still proceeding to reach the muscular layer within the bowel wall, this will be curative in more than 90% of cases. Colon cancer surgery is usually carried out to remove the primary tumor for all cancers except those that have spread to distant organs.

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Anatomically speaking, the cervix is part of the lower uterus which is often regarded as the “neck of the uterus”. Cervical Cancer Treatment CostWomen who are more than the age of thirty are of high risk to develop cancer of the cervix.

In general, there are two main types of cancer of the cervix. These are ectocervix squamous cell cervical cancer and endocervix adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

The ectocervix is the part of the cervix that projects in the vagina. It is also termed as portio vaginalis. On the outer portion of the ectocervix are flat cells that can become cancerous which could lead to squamous cell cancer of the cervix.

The endocervix is the inside portion of the cervix. The endocervix have glandular cells that produce mucus. When these glandular cells become cancerous, it can lead to adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

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The early stages of cervical cancer do not produce any signs and symptoms, thus, it remains undiagnosed in most cases. This is the reason why it is important to have regular check-ups in order to determine if there are any underlying medical conditions. In the later stages, cancer of the cervix can manifest symptoms such as bleeding between periods, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge tinged with blood, discomforts during intercourse, and smelly vaginal discharge.

There are different risk factors which can cause cancer of the cervix. Some of the risk factors include the human papilloma virus, smoking, multiple sex partners, weak immune system, genetic factors, multiple pregnancies, use of contraceptive pills, sexually transmitted diseases, and socio-economic status.

Through pap smear, cervical cancer can be diagnosed. Aside from that, there are also other laboratory tests which can be done to confirm the diagnosis of cervical cancer. Blood tests, biopsy, CT scan, MRI, and pelvic ultrasound are some of the tests that can help in diagnosing cancer of the cervix.

Cancer of the cervix has four stages with stage four being the late stage. There are also numerous treatment options for cervical cancer which includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

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Biological Therapy

What is biological therapy?

Biological therapy is a type of treatment that works with your immune system. It can help fight cancer or help control side effects (how your body reacts to the drugs you are taking) from other cancer treatments like chemotherapy.

What is the difference between biological therapy and chemotherapy ?

Biological therapy and chemotherapy are both treatments that fight cancer. While they may seem alike, they work in different ways. Biological therapy helps your immune system fight cancer. Chemotherapy attacks the cancer cells directly.

How does biological therapy fight cancer ?

Doctors are not sure how biological therapy helps your immune system fight cancer.

But they think it may : -

Stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. Make it easier for your immune system to destroy, or get rid of, cancer cells. Keep cancer from spreading to other parts of your body.

 

What is my immune system and how does it work ?

Your immune system includes your spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, bone marrow, and white blood cells. These all help protect you from getting infections and diseases.

When your immune system works the way it should, it can tell the difference between “good” cells that keep you healthy and “bad” cells that make you sick. But sometimes this doesn’t happen. Doctors are doing research to learn why some immune systems don’t fight off diseases like cancer…

 

What are cancer vaccines?

Cancer vaccines are a form of biological therapy. While other vaccines (like ones for measles or mumps) are given before you get sick, cancer vaccines are given after you have cancer. Cancer vaccines may help your body fight the cancer and keep it from coming back.

Doctors are learning more all the time about cancer vaccines. They are now doing research about how cancer vaccines can help people diagnosed with melanoma, lymphoma, and kidney, breast, ovarian, prostate, colon, and rectal cancers…

 

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Cancer Treatment In India

 

Cancer

 

The stomach and duodenum are part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The stomach connects the oesophagus to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine….

 

Symptoms

Pain which is worse between meals or in the middle of the night, and eased by eating (duodenal ulcer) Pain which is aggravated by eating (stomach ulcer) Pain which can last anywhere from a few minutes to hours …

 

 

What Causes Ulcers ?

Ulcers form when the moist inner lining (the mucous membrane) of the digestive tract becomes damaged and inflamed. Ulcers in the stomach are called gastric ulcers. When they occur in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine, which attaches to the bottom of the stomach) they are called duodenal ulcers….

 

Treatment

Resection is sometimes a part of a treatment plan,[1] but duodenal cancer is difficult to remove surgically because of the area that it resides in, there are many blood vessels supplying the lower body. Chemotherapy is sometimes used to try and shrink the cancerous mass. Other times intestinal bypass surgery is tried to reroute the stomach to intestine connection around the blockage. A ‘Whipple’ is a possible surgery that is tried sometimes with this cancer….

 

Procedure

The nurse will start an IV in your vein. You will lie on a stretcher and will be hooked up to a heart, blood pressure and breathing monitor. Your throat will then be sprayed with a numbing medicine so you don’t gag. You will be given medicine through your vein to make you sleepy. You will also have a small mouthguard placed between your teeth to protect them from the tube….

 

Risks

There is a very small risk of bleeding or infection There is a risk of reaction to the medication There is a risk of aspiration or swallowing secretions into your breathing tube…

 

 

 

 

 

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Diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer is usually diagnosed at a younger age than those diagnosed with other forms of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Treatment Cost Inflammatory breast cancer is diagnosed in men only in very rare circumstances.

In the past, women diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer had grim survival statistics; however, new approaches in treatment offer greater chances for survival than ever before.

Symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include:

• A breast that appears red, purple, pink or bruised

• A tender, firm and enlarged breast

• A warm feeling in the breast

• Itching of the breast

• Pain

• Ridged or dimpled skin texture, similar to an orange peel

• Thickened areas of skin

• Enlarged lymph nodes under the arm, above the collarbone or below the collarbone

• Flattening or retraction of the nipple

• Swollen or crusted skin on the nipple

• Change in color of the skin around the nipple

These same symptoms can also indicate a breast infection called “mastitis.” Mastitis occurs most often in younger women who are breast-feeding. Mastitis causes a fever and is easily treated with antibiotics. Inflammatory breast cancer does not typically cause a fever, nor does it respond to antibiotics.

Another condition in which there can be redness, warmth and swelling of the breast is caused by a previous operation or radiation therapy that involved the outer breast or underarm. These cases are not inflammatory breast cancer either.
Inflammatory breast cancer progresses rapidly. If you notice any of the above symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer, mention them right away to your physician.

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If you receive treatment for a breast infection (mastitis) and your symptoms last longer than a week after starting antibiotics, ask your physician to do imaging studies of the breast or to perform a breast biopsy. If the test shows no signs of cancer and your symptoms seem to worsen, talk to your physician about getting another biopsy or ask for a referral to a breast specialist.

Treatment for inflammatory breast cancer:

Inflammatory breast cancer was treated by surgery. The mortality rate was at 100 percent. Significant progress has been made in recent years, which has improved the prognosis for a woman with inflammatory breast cancer. Once almost always fatal, the disease now results in half of women diagnosed being alive in five years and one-third of women diagnosed surviving 10 or more years.

Reconstruction after surgery is possible, but not for all women. If you undergo extensive radiation therapy your options for reconstruction are limited.

Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research

Disclaimer: *This article is not meant to diagnose, treat or cure any kind of a health problem. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Always consult with your health care provider about any kind of a health problem and especially before beginning any kind of an exercise routine.

This article is FREE to publish with the resource box. Article written 3-2007.

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Esophageal Cancer Treatment

 

What is Esophageal Cancer ?

Esophageal cancer starts in the cells of the esophagus. Cancer of the esophagus may develop anywhere along the length of the esophagus. There are 2 main types: Squamous cell carcinoma, which starts in the squamous cells that line the esophagus and. Adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells of the lower third of the esophagus or in cells that have been damaged by acid backing up from the stomach

 

Causes & Risk Factors of Esophageal Cancer

Age – Esophageal cancer is more likely to occur as people get older, over age 60.

Sex – Cancer of the esophagus is more common in men than in women.

 

Tobcco / Alcohol Use – Chronic and/or heavy use of alcohol is another major risk factor.

 

Barrett’s Esophagus – Long-term irritation can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Tissues at the bottom of the esophagus can become irritated if stomach acid frequently “backs up” into the esophagus — a problem called gastric reflux. Over time, cells in the irritated part of the esophagus may change and begin to resemble the cells that line the stomach. This condition, known as Barrett’s esophagus, is a premalignant condition that may develop into adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

 

Medical History – Patients with family history of cancer.

 

Signs and Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer

Early esophageal cancer usually does not cause symptoms. However, as the cancer grows, symptoms may include: difficult or painful swallowing, severe weight loss, pain in the throat or back, behind the breastbone or between the shoulder blades, chronic cough, Vomiting and / or Coughing up blood.

 

Diagnosis Of Esophageal Cancer

Barium Swallow or Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) X-ray Upper Endoscopy for Esophageal Cancer Endoscopic Ultrasound for Esophageal Cancer Bronchoscopy for Esophageal Cancer Positron Emission Tomography for Esophageal Cancer Thoracoscopy and Laparoscopy for Esophageal Cancer Biopsy for Esophageal Cancer

 

Treatment Of Esophageal Cancer in India

Surgery to remove the cancer in India Laser treatment and stents to relieve symptoms Radiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer in India Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

 

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Colon Cancer

 

Definition

Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last 6 inches of the colon. Together, they’re often referred to as colorectal cancers. About 112,000 people are diagnosed with colon cancer annually, and about 41,000 new cases of rectal cancer are diagnosed each year, according to the American Cancer Society. Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps become colon cancers…

 

Symptoms

A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool for more than a couple of weeks Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain Abdominal pain with a bowel movement A feeling that your bowel doesn’t empty completely Weakness or fatigue Unexplained weight loss…

 

Causes

In general, cancer occurs when healthy cells become altered. Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But sometimes this growth gets out of control — cells continue dividing even when new cells aren’t needed. In the colon and rectum, this exaggerated growth may cause precancerous cells to form in the lining of your intestine…

 

Risk factors

Factors that may increase your risk of colon cancer include : -

Age : – About 90 percent of people diagnosed with colon cancer are older than 50. Colon cancer can occur in younger people, but it occurs much less frequently.

 

A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps : – If you’ve already had colon cancer or adenomatous polyps, you have a greater risk of colon cancer in the future.

 

Inflammatory intestinal conditions : – Long-standing inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, can increase your risk of colon cancer.

 

Inherited disorders that affect the colon : – Genetic syndromes passed through generations of your family can increase your risk of colon cancer. These syndromes cause only about 5 percent of all colon cancers. One genetic syndrome called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare disorder that causes you to develop thousands of polyps in the lining of your colon and rectum.

 

& many more…

 

When to seek medical advice

If you notice any symptoms of colon cancer, such as blood in your stool or a persistent change in bowel habits, see your doctor as soon as possible. Keep in mind that colorectal cancer can occur in younger as well as older people. If you’re at high risk, don’t wait until symptoms appear. See your doctor for regular screenings.

Talk to your doctor about when you should begin screening for colon cancer. Guidelines generally recommend colon cancer screenings begin at age 50. Your doctor may recommend more frequent or earlier screening if you have other risk factors, such as a family history of the disease.

 

Tests and diagnosis

Screening

Most colon cancers develop from adenomatous polyps. Screening can detect polyps before they become cancerous. Screening may also detect colon cancer in its early stages when there is a good chance for cure.

You may be embarrassed by the screening procedures, worried about discomfort or afraid of the results. Discuss your screening options and your concerns with your doctor. Most procedures are only moderately uncomfortable, and working with a doctor you like and trust can help ease your embarrassment…

 

Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects you may have colon cancer based on your signs and symptoms, he or she may recommend colonoscopy to look for colon cancer. Colonoscopy allows your doctor to look for polyps or unusual areas in your colon. Your doctor can also remove a sample of tissue from your colon to look for cancer cells. In some cases, barium enema or flexible sigmoidoscopy may be used to diagnose colon cancer.

 

Treatments and drugs

The type of treatment your doctor recommends will depend largely on the stage of your cancer. The three primary treatment options are: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Surgery (colectomy) is the main treatment for colorectal cancer. How much of your colon is removed and whether other therapies, such as radiation or chemotherapy, are an option for you depend on the location of your cancer, how far cancer has penetrated into the wall of your bowel, and whether it has spread to your lymph nodes or other parts of your body…

 

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Gallbladder Cancer

Definition

Gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer are rare cancers of the biliary tract. Your gallbladder stores and your bile duct transports bile, a fluid produced by your liver that’s essential to the digestive process.

Gallbladder cancer seldom produces symptoms in the early stages. In fact, early gallbladder cancer is often only discovered when the gallbladder is removed as a treatment for gallstones. Otherwise, gallbladder cancer is often quite advanced by the time it’s diagnosed.

 

Symptoms

Gallbladder cancer symptoms include : -

Abdominal pain : – Many people with gallbladder cancer have some abdominal pain — usually in the upper right part of the abdomen.

 

Nausea and vomiting : – These symptoms can occur when a tumor blocks the common bile duct.

 

Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice) : – Jaundice results from high blood levels of bilirubin — the residue from the breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is metabolized in your liver and eliminated through the bile ducts. But a blocked bile duct can cause bilirubin to accumulate in your blood. The built-up pigments may turn your skin and the whites of your eyes yellow and your urine dark brown. Because bilirubin isn’t being eliminated through your bile, your stools also may turn pale yellow or white.

 

Unintended weight loss or loss of appetite : – Tumors can prevent the normal passage of food or interfere with its absorption by blocking the flow of pancreatic enzymes.

 

Causes

Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. Its main function is to store bile, a bitter, yellow-green fluid that’s produced in the liver cells. Bile is essential for the proper digestion of fats and is one of the main ways your body eliminates drugs, cholesterol and waste products of metabolism. It flows from your liver through a thin tube called the common hepatic duct and enters your gallbladder through another small tube (cystic duct)…

 

How gallbladder cancer begins

Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way — a process that’s controlled by DNA, the genetic material that contains the instructions for every chemical process in your body. When DNA is damaged, changes occur in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a malignant tumor — a mass of cancerous cells.

Although the exact cause of gallbladder and bile duct cancers isn’t clear, researchers believe that DNA in the cells of your biliary tract may be damaged by toxins that are routinely metabolized by your liver. These toxins are released into bile so that they can be eliminated from your body. But if bile empties more slowly than normal, it increases the amount of time your cells are exposed to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens).

 

Tests and diagnosis

Many gallbladder cancers are discovered after a laboratory examination of a gallbladder that’s been removed for other reasons. Only about one-quarter of gallbladder cancers are diagnosed before the cancer is advanced.

Diagnosing gallbladder cancer earlier than this is difficult because the gallbladder is hidden behind the liver and is relatively inaccessible, because signs and symptoms don’t develop until late in the disease, and because when symptoms do appear, they can easily be mistaken for those of many other, more common conditions…

 

Staging biliary tract cancers

Doctors stage biliary tract cancers in several ways. One method is as follows : -

Resectable : – These cancers have not spread beyond the walls of the gallbladder or bile ducts and can be entirely removed in an operation. The term “resectable” refers to a cancer that can be removed.

 

Unresectable : – At this stage, the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs such as the liver, pancreas, stomach or intestines and can’t be completely removed.

 

Recurrent : – This refers to cancer that returns after it has been treated. It may recur in the gallbladder or bile duct or in some other part of the body.

 

Treatments

Gallbladder cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as on your age, overall health, feelings and personal preferences. Especially when cancer is advanced, choosing a treatment plan is a major decision, and it’s important to take enough time to consider your choices.

You may also want to consider seeking a second opinion. This can provide additional information to help you feel more certain about the option you’re considering.

The goal of any treatment is to eliminate the cancer completely. When that isn’t possible, the focus may be on preventing the tumor from growing or causing more harm. In some cases, an approach called palliative care may be best. Palliative care refers to treatment aimed not at removing or slowing the disease, but at helping relieve symptoms and making you as comfortable as possible…

 

 

 

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Kidney Cancer

Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They’re located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer.

In adults, the most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma, which begins in the cells that line the small tubes within your kidneys. Children are more likely to develop a kind of kidney cancer called Wilms’ tumor.

 

Symptoms

Kidney cancer rarely causes signs or symptoms in its early stages.

In the later stages, kidney cancer signs and symptoms may include : -

Blood in your urine, which may appear pink, red or cola-colored Back pain just below the ribs that doesn’t go away Weight loss Fatigue Intermittent fever

 

Causes

Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where it’s stored until it’s eliminated from your body through another tube, the urethra…

 

Types of kidney cancer

The most common types of kidney cancer include : -

Renal cell carcinoma : – This type of kidney cancer usually begins in the cells that line the small tubes of each nephron. In most cases, renal cell tumors grow as a single mass, but you may have more than one tumor in a kidney or develop tumors in both kidneys.

 

Transitional cell carcinoma : – This type of kidney cancer develops in the tissue that forms the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Transitional cell carcinomas can also begin in the ureters themselves or in the bladder.

 

Wilms’ tumor : – Wilms’ tumor is a type of kidney cancer that occurs in young children.

 

Tests and diagnosis

A kidney cancer diagnosis typically begins with a complete medical history and a physical exam. Your doctor may also recommend blood and urine tests. If your doctor suspects a problem or if you’re at high risk of kidney cancer…

 

Treatments and drugs

Together, you and your treatment team will discuss all of your kidney cancer treatment options. The best approach for you may depend on a number of factors, including your general health, the kind of kidney cancer you have, whether the cancer has spread and your own preferences for treatment…

Surgery Treatments when surgery isn’t possible Treatments for advanced and recurrent kidney cancer Treatment for transitional cell cancer

 

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The Cause And Treatment

Cost Of Cervical Cancer Treatment

Cervical cancer is a common cancer among women. There has been a link established between the incidence of this disease and the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV). Today, young women are encouraged to take a vaccine for HPV in an attempt to reduce the risk of contracting cervical cancer later in life.

It has been found that the HPV virus is present in nearly all cases of cervical cancer. However most women who have the HPV virus do not go on to develop cancer. Therefore, it is thought that other risk factors come into play. Some of these include having a weakened immune system, smoking cigarettes and increasing your risk of STDs by having multiple sexual partners. Engaging in sexual activity at an early age also seems to increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, possibly because immature cells are more vulnerable to cancerous changes triggered by the HPV virus.

Cancerous cells in the cervic is very dangerous because the early stages usually do not cause symptoms. By the time symptoms are observed, the cancer has become advanced. These symptoms include vaginal bleeding unrelated to the menstrual cycle, bleeding after intercourse, painful intercourse, pelvic pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge.

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on if it is confined to the outer layer or if it has invaded deep into the cervix. Cancer that is on the surface of the cervix can be surgically removed. The surgeon usually removes a portion of the cervix, but in some cases, a simple hysterectomy may be needed in order to remove all of the cancerous and pre-cancerous tissue.

Other types of surgery include laser surgery, cryosurgery, and electrosurgery. With laser surgery, a precise energy beam is directed onto the cancer in order to kill it. Cryosurgery kills the cancer by freezing it. Electrosurgery involves using an electrified wire to cut away cancer cells.

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When cervical cancer is advanced, surgery usually calls for a radical hysterectomy that not only removes the cervix and uterus, but also removes part of the vagina and lymph nodes.

Radiation may also be used as a form of treatment. The radiation can be applied externally to the cervix or it can be placed into the cervix internally. In advanced cervical cancer, radiation is usually combined with chemotherapy to enhance its effectiveness. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses powerful drugs alone or in combination with each other to travel throughout your body to kill spreading cancer cells.

You may be able to prevent cervical cancer if you take steps to prevent becoming infected with the HPV virus. This means practicing safe sex by always using condoms. Young girls may want to consider receiving the HPV vaccine called Gardasil. It is being recommended for girls as a routine vaccination at 11 to 12 years of age before becoming sexually active. Other young women up to age 26 are advised to take the vaccine also.

Since early cervical cancer often has no symptoms, regular pap tests are important in order to detect the HPV virus and any pre-cancerous changes to cervical cells.

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